If you know about how TLS works, you know the system leans heavily on Certificate Authorities (CAs) to vouch for a server’s identity. That trust model works well most of the time, but it has a weak point: any CA in the hundreds trusted by your browser or operating system can issue a valid certificate…
Category: security
What are CSRF tokens?
If you’ve ever dug into web security or looked through the source code of a login form, you’ve probably noticed a hidden field with a long, random-looking string tucked inside it. That’s a CSRF token — and while it might seem like a minor implementation detail, it’s one of the unsung heroes of web application…
Subject Alternative Names (SANs) in Digital Certificates
When it comes to digital certificates, the Subject Alternative Name (SAN) extension plays a crucial role in how modern systems authenticate and communicate securely. Although the Common Name (CN) field traditionally carried the hostname of a server, today it’s the SAN extension that browsers and applications actually pay attention to. In fact, industry standards have…
LLMs – what’s all the fuss about?
Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone of modern AI, enabling sophisticated natural language understanding and generation at scale. These models underpin a growing ecosystem of intelligent applications — from DevOps automation to secure enterprise knowledge retrieval. Notable examples include GPT-5, Claude 3, and Gemini. The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) is reshaping…
IAM vs PAM vs IGA – what is the difference?
Identity security is now a cornerstone of enterprise cyber defence, particularly in the UK where regulatory pressure and threat levels continue to rise. Security teams often hear three related but distinct terms: IAM (Identity and Access Management), PAM (Privileged Access Management), and IGA (Identity Governance and Administration). While they overlap, each addresses different layers of…
IP Spoofing
IP spoofing is a cyberattack technique in which an attacker manipulates the source IP address in network packets to appear as though they are coming from a trusted source. This deceptive practice allows attackers to bypass security measures, launch denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and intercept sensitive communications. The objective of IP spoofing is often to initiate…
JWT
JSON Web token (JWT) is an open standard (RFC-7519) that defines a compact self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. The format is intended for use in space constrained environments, such as HTTP authorization headers and URI query parameters. JWTs encode claims transmitted as JSON objects contained as a payload…
ECDHE
ECDHE (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral) is a cryptographic algorithm used for secure key exchange in network protocols like TLS (Transport Layer Security). Its main function is to enable two parties (e.g., client and server) to agree on a shared secret over an insecure network, without transmitting the secret itself. This fact almost alone has ensured…
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